Percent of Adults Under 65 Are Providing Some Care for Family Over 65.

Definitions

A caregiver—sometimes called an informal caregiver —is an unpaid individual (for example, a spouse, partner, family member, friend, or neighbor) involved in assisting others with activities of daily living and/or medical tasks. Formal caregivers are paid intendance providers providing care in one's dwelling or in a intendance setting (day care, residential facility, long-term intendance facility). For the purposes of the present fact sheet, displayed statistics mostly refer to caregivers of adults.

The figures below reverberate variations in the definitions and criteria used in each cited source. For example, the age of care recipients or relationship of caregiver to intendance recipient may differ from study to study.

How Many Caregivers in the U.S.?

Approximately 43.5 million caregivers have provided unpaid care to an developed or child in the last 12 months. [National Alliance for Caregiving and AARP. (2015). Caregiving in the U.S.]
About 34.ii million Americans have provided unpaid intendance to an adult age fifty or older in the last 12 months. [National Alliance for Caregiving and AARP. (2015). Caregiving in the U.S.]
The majority of caregivers (82%) care for 1 other adult, while 15% treat two adults, and 3% for 3 or more adults. [National Brotherhood for Caregiving and AARP. (2015). Caregiving in the U.S.]
Approximately 39.8 million caregivers provide care to adults (aged 18+) with a inability or illness or 16.half dozen% of Americans. [Coughlin, J. (2010). Estimating the Touch on of Caregiving and Employment on Well-Being: Outcomes & Insights in Health Management.]
About xv.7 million adult family caregivers care for someone who has Alzheimer'due south disease or other dementia. [Alzheimer'south Clan. (2015). 2015 Alzheimer's Disease Facts and Figures.]

Economic Value

The value of services provided past informal caregivers has steadily increased over the last decade, with an estimated economical value of $470 billion in 2013, upwards from $450 billion in 2009 and $375 billion in 2007. [AARP Public Policy Institute. (2015). Valuing the Invaluable: 2015 Update.]
At $470 billion in 2013, the value of unpaid caregiving exceeded the value of paid dwelling care and total Medicaid spending in the same year, and virtually matched the value of the sales of the world's largest company, Wal-Mart ($477 billion). [AARP Public Policy Establish. (2015). Valuing the Invaluable: 2015 Update.]
The economic value of the intendance provided by unpaid caregivers of those with Alzheimer's disease or other dementias was $217.7 billion in 2014. [Alzheimer'due south Association. (2015). 2015 Alzheimer'south Disease Facts and Figures.]

Gender

65% of care recipients are female, with an boilerplate age of 69.four. The younger the intendance recipient, the more than likely the recipient is to be male. 45% of recipients aged xviii-45 are male, while 33% of recipients aged 50 or higher are male. [National Alliance for Caregiving and AARP. (2015). Caregiving in the U.S.]
Upward of 75% of all caregivers are female, and may spend as much every bit 50% more than fourth dimension providing care than males. [Found on Aging. (2016). Read How IOA Views Crumbling in America.]
Male caregivers are less likely to provide personal intendance, merely 24% helped a loved one get dressed compared to 28% of female caregivers. 16% of male caregivers aid with bathing versus 30% of females. xl% of male person caregivers utilise paid assist for a loved one's personal care. About 14.5 one thousand thousand caregivers are males out of the 43.4% who care for an older family member. [National Alliance for Caregiving and AARP. (2009). Caregiving in the U.S.]

Gender and Care Tasks

Males may be sharing in caregiving tasks more than in the past, but females still shoulder the major burden of care. For example, while some studies testify a relatively equitable distribution of caregiving between males and females, female caregivers spend more time providing care than males do (21.9 vs. 17.4 hours per calendar week). [National Alliance for Caregiving and AARP. (2009). Caregiving in the U.S.]
College-hour caregivers (21 hours or more weekly) are nearly four times more likely to be caring for a spouse/partner. [ National Alliance for Caregiving and AARP. (2015). Caregiving in the U.S.]
Amongst spousal caregivers aged 75+, both sexes provide equal amounts of care. [McCann, J. J., Hebert, Fifty. Due east., Beckett, 50. A., Morris, Thou. C., Scherr, P. A., & Evans, D. A. (2000). Comparing of Informal Caregiving past Black and White Older Adults in a Community Population.]
Other studies indicate that 36% of female caregivers handle the most difficult caregiving tasks (i.e., bathing, toileting, and dressing) when compared with 24% for their male counterparts, who are more likely to help with finances, arrangement of care, and other less crushing tasks. [National Alliance for Caregiving and AARP. (2009). Caregiving in the U.S.]

Caregiving in the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) Communities

9% of caregivers self-place equally LGBT. [National Alliance for Caregiving and AARP. (2015). Caregiving in the U.Due south.]
There are at least 3 meg LGBT persons aged 55+ in the U.S. This number is expected to double in the next two decades. [Espinoza, R. (2014). Out and Visible: The Experiences and Attitudes of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Older Adults, Ages 45-75.]
Male caregivers report providing more hours of care than female caregivers. The boilerplate weekly hours of intendance provided past females from both the LGBT and general population samples is similar—26 vs. 28 hours—but LGBT males provide far more hours of intendance than males from the comparison sample (41 hours vs. 29). This reflects that about 14% of gay males indicate that they are total-time caregivers, spending over 150 hours per week in this capacity, compared to 3% of lesbian and 2% of bisexual respondents. [MetLife. (2010). Still Out, Still Aging: Study of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Baby Boomers.]
LGBT individuals are more likely to be very concerned about having enough money (51% vs. 36%), experiencing loneliness in old age (32% vs. 19%), declining physical health (43% vs. 33%), not being able to have intendance of themselves (43% vs. 34%) or non having anybody to take intendance of them (30% vs. 16%) compared to non-LGBT. [Fredriksen-Goldsen, K. I., Kim, H. J., Emlet, C. A., Muraco, A., Erosheva, E. A., Hoy-Ellis, C. P., Goldsen, J., & Petry, H. (2011). The Aging and Health Report: Disparities and Resilience among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Older Adults.]
20% of older LGBT individuals and 44% of older transgender individuals feel their human relationship with their healthcare provider would be adversely afflicted if their health provider knew their sexual orientation/gender. [Fredriksen-Goldsen, Thousand. I., Kim, H.-J., Emlet, C. A., Muraco, A., Erosheva, E. A., Hoy-Ellis, C. P., Goldsen, J., & Petry, H. (2011). The Aging and Health Report: Disparities and Resilience amidst Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Older Adults.]
LGBT older adults are twice as likely to age as a single person, twice as likely to reside alone, and three to iv times less likely to have children. [MetLife. (2010). Still Out, Still Aging: The MetLife Study of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Baby Boomers.]

Caregiving Tasks

On boilerplate, caregivers spend:
- xiii days each calendar month on tasks such every bit shopping, nutrient training, housekeeping, laundry, transportation, and giving medication;
- 6 days per month on feeding, dressing, preparation, walking, bathing, and assist toileting;
- 13 hours per month researching care services or data on disease, coordinating physician visits or managing financial matters. [Gallup-Healthways. (2011). Gallup-Healthways Well-Being Alphabetize.]
Of family unit caregivers who provide complex chronic care:
- 46% perform medical and nursing tasks;
- More than than 96% provide help with activities of daily living (ADLs) such as personal hygiene, dressing and undressing, getting in and out of bed, or instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) such as taking prescribed medications, shopping for groceries, transportation, or using technology, or both. [AARP and United Health Hospital Fund. (2012). Home Alone: Family Caregivers Providing Circuitous Chronic Intendance.]
On average, caregivers perform 1.7 of 6 ADLs, well-nigh commonly getting in and out of beds and chairs (43%). [National Brotherhood for Caregiving and AARP. (2015). Caregiving in the U.S.]
On average, caregivers perform iv.two of 7 IADLs, nigh normally transportation (78%), grocery or other shopping (76%), and housework (72%). [National Alliance for Caregiving and AARP. (2015). Caregiving in the U.S.]
57% of caregivers report that they practise not take a choice about performing clinical tasks, and that this lack of selection is self-imposed.
- 43% feel that these tasks are their personal responsibility considering no one else can practise it or considering insurance will not pay for a professional caregiver.
- 12% study that they are pressured to perform these tasks past the care receiver.
- viii% report that they are pressured to perform these tasks by another family member. [AARP and United Health Hospital Fund. (2012). Home Solitary: Family Caregivers Providing Complex Chronic Care.]
Caregivers report holding pregnant determination-making authority regarding the following:
- Monitoring of the care recipient'southward condition and adjusting intendance (66%);
- Communicating with healthcare professionals on behalf of the intendance recipient (63%);
- Acting every bit an advocate for the care recipient with care providers, customs services, or government agencies (fifty%). [National Alliance for Caregiving and AARP. (2015). Caregiving in the U.Due south.]

Age

Distribution of caregiver historic period:
- Average age: 49.2 years old
- 48% of caregivers are 18-49 years sometime
- 34% of caregivers are 65+ years former [National Alliance for Caregiving and AARP. (2015). Caregiving in the U.S.]
Distribution of care recipient age:
- Average age: 69.4 years old
- fourteen% of intendance recipients are 18-49 years onetime
- 47% of care recipients are 75+ years sometime [National Alliance for Caregiving and AARP. (2015). Caregiving in the U.S.]
The number of hours dedicated to caregiving increases with the age of the caregiver.
- College-hour caregivers are, on average, 51.8 years of age.
- Lower-hour caregivers average 48 years of age.

Number of Hours Defended to Caregiving by Historic period of Family Caregiver

[The Partnership for Solutions. (2004). Chronic Conditions: Making the Case for Ongoing Care.]

Older caregivers are more than likely to care for a spouse or partner. The average age of spousal caregivers is 62.3. [National Alliance for Caregiving and AARP. (2015). Caregiving in the U.Southward.]
Many caregivers of older adults are themselves growing older. The average caregiver of a recipient 65 years of age or older is 63 years old. Of these caregivers, one third report being in fair to poor wellness. [Administration on Crumbling. (2005). NFCSP: Complete Resources Guide.]

Time Spent Caregiving

4 in 10 (forty%) caregivers are in loftier-burden situations, 18% medium burden, and 41% low brunt based on the Level of Care Index (1997). Burden of care increases with hours of care provided. 92% of providers providing 21 or more hours per week are high burden versus sixteen% of lower hour providers. [National Alliance for Caregiving and AARP. (2015). Caregiving in the U.Due south.]
Primary family unit caregivers of people with dementia report spending an boilerplate of 9 hours per 24-hour interval providing aid to their relatives. [Fisher, G. G., Franks, M. Grand., Plassman, B. Fifty., Brown, Due south. L., Potter, Yard. G., Llewellyn, D., et al. (2011). Caring for Individuals with Dementia and Cognitive Damage, not Dementia: Findings from the Aging, Demographics, and Retention Study.]

Hours per Week

Family caregivers spend an average of 24.4 hours per week providing care. Nearly 1 in 4 caregivers spends 41 hours or more than per week providing intendance. [National Alliance for Caregiving and AARP. (2015). Caregiving in the U.S.]
Family caregivers who reside with those they provide intendance for spend twoscore.five hours per calendar week caring for this person.
- Those caring for a spouse/partner spend 44.6 hours per week performing caregiving tasks.
- Those caring for a kid nether age 18 spend 29.seven hours per week performing caregiving tasks. [National Brotherhood for Caregiving and AARP. (2015). Caregiving in the U.S.]
Older caregivers who are 75+ years former provide 34 hours in an average calendar week on caregiving. Middle aged caregivers written report spending 21.7 hours per calendar week on caregiving tasks. [National Brotherhood for Caregiving and AARP. (2015). Caregiving in the U.S.]
Family unit and other unpaid caregivers of people with Alzheimer's disease and other dementias provide an estimated 21.nine hours of care per week. [Alzheimer's Association. (2015). 2015 Alzheimer's Illness Facts and Figures.]

Months and Years Providing Intendance

The average duration of a caregiver'southward office is 4 years.
- Only xxx% of caregivers provide intendance for less than a year.
- 24% of caregivers provide intendance for more than v years.
- 15% of caregivers provide care for x or more than years. Higher-hr caregivers are twice every bit probable to have been in their caregiving role for 10 years or more. [National Alliance for Caregiving and AARP. (2015). Caregiving in the U.S.]
Regardless of employment status, unpaid caregivers report that positive activities in their corresponding daily lives are reduced by 27.2% every bit a effect of their caregiving responsibilities. This event is 3 times greater in their personal lives than in their professional lives. [Coughlin, J. (2010). Estimating the Bear on of Caregiving and Employment on Well-Beingness: Outcomes & Insights in Health Management.]
Measured by duration of care, Alzheimer's and dementia caregivers provide care on average 1-4 years more than caregivers caring for someone with an illness other than Alzheimer's disease. They are also more likely to be providing intendance for five years or longer. [Alzheimer's Association. (2015). 2015 Alzheimer'southward Affliction Facts and Figures.]

Race and Ethnicity

Individual adult caregivers in the U.S. identify their race/ethnicity equally the following:
- White: 62%
- African-American: 13%
- Hispanic (non-White, non-African-American): 17%
- Asian-American: 6% [National Brotherhood for Caregiving and AARP. (2015). Caregiving in the U.S.]
Hispanic (non-White, non-African-American) caregivers accept the highest reported prevalence of caregiving at 21%. Caregiver prevalence among other racial/ethnic groups are every bit follows:
- African-American: xx.3%
- Asian-American: 19.7%
- White: 16.9% [National Alliance for Caregiving and AARP. (2015). Caregiving in the U.Southward.]
White caregivers are on average older (52.5 years erstwhile) than their counterparts amid other races/ethnicities. The average age of caregivers amongst other racial/indigenous groups are as follows:
- Asian-American: 46.half dozen years old
- African-American: 44.ii years sometime
- Hispanic (non-White, non-African-American): 42.7 years old [National Alliance for Caregiving and AARP. (2015). Caregiving in the U.Southward.]
Hispanic (non-White, non-African-American) and African-American caregivers experience higher burdens from caregiving and spend more time caregiving on average than their White or Asian-American peers. The per centum of high burden caregivers caregiving time past racial/ethnic groups are as follows:
- African-American: 57%, xxx hours per week
- Hispanic (non-White, non-African-American): 45%, thirty hours per week
- White: 33%, xx hours per calendar week
- Asian-American: thirty%, 16 hours per week [Alzheimer'due south Association. (2015). 2015 Alzheimer's Disease Facts and Figures.]
More than than one-half of African-American caregivers find themselves "sandwiched" between caring for an older person and a younger person under age 18, or caring for more than one older person. African-American caregivers are likewise more probable to reside with the intendance recipient and spend an average of twenty.6 hours per calendar week providing intendance. In add-on, 66 percent of African-American caregivers are employed full or part-time. [National Alliance for Caregiving and AARP. (2015). Caregiving in the U.S.]
The needs of care recipients vary by race/ethnicity. African-American caregivers (41%) are more probable to provide aid with more than than three ADLs than white caregivers (28%) or Asian-Americans (23%). [Alzheimer's Association. (2015). 2015 Alzheimer's Disease Facts and Figures.]

Relationships between Caregivers and Care Recipients

A vast majority of caregivers (85%) intendance for a relative or other loved ane:
- 42% care for a parent (31% for a mother, eleven% for a male parent);
- 15% care for a friend, neighbour or another non-relative;
- 14 % intendance for a child;
- 7% care for a parent-in-law;
- 7% treat a grandparent or grandparent-in-law. [National Alliance for Caregiving and AARP. (2015). Caregiving in the U.South.]
Parent intendance continues to be the primary caregiving situation for mid-life caregivers with lxx% of the caregivers between the ages of 50 and 64. [Wagner, D. & Takagi, E. (2010). Health Affairs: Informal Caregiving past and for Older Adults.]
Most care recipients reside in their own domicile (48%), and one in three (35%) reside in their caregiver's home. 3 in x care recipients who are non in assisted-living or skilled nursing facilities reside alone (31%).

[National Alliance for Caregiving and AARP. (2009 & 2015). Caregiving in the U.South.]

Elder Abuse

The Department of Wellness defines corruption as, "a violation of an private's human and civil rights by another person or persons." Corruption can take many forms, including concrete, psychological, sexual, or fiscal abuse, discrimination, or neglect.
- Nether this definition, equally many as 25% of elder care recipients report significant levels of abuse. [Cooper, C., Selwood, A., & Livingston, Grand. (2008). The Prevalence of Elder Corruption and Fail: A Systematic Review.]
Approximately 1 in ten Americans aged 60+ have experienced some form of elder abuse. Some estimates range equally high equally v meg elders who are abused each yr. [National Council on Aging. (2016). Elder Abuse Facts.]
Only seven% of elder abuse cases are e'er reported to authorities. [National Inquiry Council. (2003). Elder Mistreatment: Corruption, Neglect and Exploitation in an Aging America.]
For every 1 case of elder abuse known to programs and agencies there are 24 unknown cases. [Lifespan of Greater Rochester, Inc., Weill Cornell Medical Center of Cornell Academy & New York City Section for the Aging. (2011). Under the Radar: New York State Elder Abuse Prevalence Written report.]
Elder corruption, even modest abuse, increases risk of death by 300% compared to elders who have not been abused. [Dong, 10., Simon, Yard. A., Beck, T., Farran, C., McCann, J., Mendes de Leon, C., et al. (2011). Elder Corruption and Bloodshed: The Function of Psychological and Social Wellbeing.]
The direct medical costs associated with violent injuries to older adults are estimated to add together over $5.3 billion to the nation's almanac wellness expenditures, and the annual financial loss past victims of elder financial exploitation were estimated to be $ii.9 billion in 2009, a 12% increase from 2008. [Administration on Aging: National Center on Elderberry Abuse. (2016). Statistics/Data: Impact of Elder Corruption].

Geographic Distance Between Caregiver and Care Recipient

The vast bulk of caregivers (75%) reside within twenty minutes of their care recipient. 13% of caregivers reside between 20 minutes and an 60 minutes away from their care recipient.
- The proportion of caregivers reporting they reside fewer than 20 minutes from the home of their care recipient has increased steadily over the past 10 years (44% in 2004, 51% in 2009, and 75% in 2015). [National Alliance for Caregiving and AARP. (2015). Caregiving in the U.Due south.]
As the historic period of the caregiver increases, their distance from their recipient decreases. 84% of caregivers aged 75+ reside within 20 minutes of their intendance recipient, compared to their caregiving peers in other age brackets:
- 76% of caregivers anile 65-74
- 72% of caregivers aged 50-64
- 74% of caregivers aged 18-49 [National Alliance for Caregiving and AARP. (2015). Caregiving in the U.S.]
48% of intendance recipients reside in their ain dwelling house.
- Higher-hour intendance recipients are less likely to reside at home (28%) than lower-60 minutes recipients (57%).
- Inversely, higher-hour care recipients are more likely to reside in their caregiver's home (62%) than lower-hour recipients (22%). [National Alliance for Caregiving and AARP. (2015). Caregiving in the U.Southward.]
Approximately 5-7 million caregivers in the U.S. (nigh 15% of all caregivers) are long-altitude caregivers. This number is projected to double by 2020. [National Quango on Aging. (2006). Nearly 7 Million Long-Distance Caregivers Brand Work and Personal Sacrifices.]
Long-distance caregivers have the highest annual expenses (well-nigh $8,728) compared to co-resident caregivers (about $5,885) or those who care for a loved one nearby (about $iv,570). [AARP Public Policy Institute. (2008). Valuing the Invaluable: The Economic Value of Family Caregiving.]
Long-altitude caregivers reside an average of 450 miles (724 km) from their care recipients (or approximately vii hours travel time).
- More than males (58%) than females (42%) are long-altitude caregivers. [National Alliance for Caregiving and the MetLife Mature Market place Institute. (2004). Miles Away: The MetLife Report of Long-Distance Caregiving.]
Long-altitude caregivers are more than likely to report emotional distress (47%) than caregivers either residing with their intendance recipient (43%) or residing less than one 60 minutes away (28%). [National Alliance for Caregiving and AARP. (2004). Caregiving in the U.Due south.]
Caregivers who do not reside with their care receiver reside the post-obit distances from those for whom they intendance:

[Gallup-Healthways. (2011). Gallup-Healthways Well-Existence Survey: Caregiving Costs U.S. Economy $25.ii Billion in Lost Productivity.]

Caregiving in Rural Areas

More than one-half of the 65 meg Americans living in rural areas are over the age of l. Elders in rural areas (about a quarter of all elders) are more likely to reside alone, virtually or at the poverty level, and suffer from a chronic condition or concrete disability. They require an boilerplate of 46 miles of travel to go to the nearest wellness professional. [U.Due south. Section of Health and Homo Services Rural Job Force. (2002). HHS Rural Chore Strength Report.]
iii-6 million Americans are distance caregivers who provide care for a family member that resides an average of 450 miles away. [National Alliance for Caregiving & AARP. (2005). Caregiving in the U.S.]
Well-nigh 51% of caregivers in rural areas use community-based services. [Buckwalter, K. C., & Davis, L. Fifty. (2009). Elder Caregiving in Rural Communities.]

Older Adults with Developmental Disabilities

There are an estimated 641,000 adults aged 60+ with cerebral and other disabilities (east.g., cerebral palsy, autism, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury).
- This number is projected to double to i,242,794 past 2030, congruent with the crumbling population of babe boomers born betwixt 1946 and 1964. [Heller, T. (2011). Force for Caring: Older Adults with Developmental Disabilities and Their Aging Family Caregivers.]
Families are even so the master caregivers for adults with developmental disabilities and are themselves crumbling. About 76% of individuals with developmental disabilities reside at home.
- In 25% of these homes, the family caregiver is over threescore years of age.
- The average age of the care recipient with a developmental disability is age 38. [Heller, T. (2011). Strength for Caring: Older Adults with Developmental Disabilities and Their Aging Family Caregivers.]

Veterans

There are a full of 5.5 million caregivers caring for former or current military personnel in the U.Southward. (one.1 one thousand thousand mail 9/eleven). [Ramchand, R., Tanielian, T., Fisher, M., Vaughan, C., Trail, T., Batka, C., Voorhies, P., Robbins, M., Robinson, E., & Ghosh-Dastidar, B. (2014). Fundamental Facts and Statistics from the RAND Military machine Caregivers Report.]
9 in 10 (96%) caregivers of veterans are female and 70% provide intendance to their spouse or partner. 30% of veterans' caregivers treat a duration of 10 years or more as compared to 15% of caregivers nationally. 88% report increased stress or feet as a effect of caregiving, and 77% state sleep deprivation as an issue. [National Alliance for Caregiving and United Health Foundation. (2010). Caregivers of Veterans: Serving on the Home Front.]
Military caregivers later 9/11 are more likely to be employed (63% vs. 47%), less likely to have a support network (47% vs. 71%), younger (37% under 30 years old vs. 11%), more likely to be caring for a recipient with a behavioral health condition (64% vs. 36%) or a VA inability rating (58% vs. xxx%). [Ramchand, R., Tanielian, T., Fisher, M., Vaughan, C., Trail, T., Batka, C., Voorhies, P., Robbins, M., Robinson, E., & Ghosh-Dastidar, B. (2014). Primal Facts and Statistics from the RAND Military machine Caregivers Study.]
Veteran care recipients (mail nine/11) are more than likely to have no wellness insurance (32% vs. 23%) or regular source of health care (28% vs. 14%), have a mobility limiting disability (eighty% vs. 66%) or mental wellness/substance abuse condition (64% vs. 33%), and meet criteria for probable depression (38% vs. twenty%) compared to civilians. [Ramchand, R., Tanielian, T., Fisher, One thousand., Vaughan, C., Trail, T., Batka, C., Voorhies, P., Robbins, Yard., Robinson, E., & Ghosh-Dastidar, B. (2014). Key Facts and Statistics from the RAND Armed services Caregivers Report.]
Veterans suffer more frequently from Traumatic Brain Injury (29%), Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, Diabetes (28%), and paralysis or Spinal Cord Injury (20%). [National Brotherhood for Caregiving and United Health Foundation. (2010). Caregivers of Veterans: Serving on the Domicile Front.]

Family Caregiver Alliance
National Middle on Caregiving
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Family Caregiver Alliance (FCA) seeks to improve the quality of life for caregivers through education, services, research, and advocacy. Through its National Center on Caregiving, FCA offers data on electric current social, public policy, and caregiving issues and provides help in the development of public and private programs for caregivers. For residents of the greater San Francisco Bay Surface area, FCA provides direct back up services for caregivers of those with Alzheimerʼs disease, stroke, traumatic encephalon injury, Parkinsonʼs, and other debilitating disorders that strike adults.

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